开放是一个整体概念或哲学,特点是强调透明度和自由,无限制地获取任何知识和自由讯息[1]。秘密可说是开放的相反。[1]
用于政府
开放政府是一种执政的原则,它认为公民有权取得任何政府文件,以便有效地公开监督政府[2],即公民有权知道政府一切的运作和活动[3],由于可信赖的信息是责任政治的必要条件,自由地取得政府的讯息也有助于保障其他权利。[3]
用于创作
开放内容是指人们可以不受限制地使用、修改、发布创作品[4][5],此概念源自于开放代源码,但后者仅用于资讯科技中。[6]
用于学术
开放获取是指不限制经过同行评审的学术研究的在线访问。开放获取主要针对学术期刊文章,但也在提供越来越多的论文[7]、书籍章节[8]和学术著作[9]。
用于资讯科技
开放源代码是资讯科技系统中所提供的功能,特点在于可互操作性、可移植性和可扩展性[10],这使得生产模组、通讯管道、互动社群获得改善。
参考来源
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Peters, Michael. The Idea of Openness: Open Education and Education for Openness. The Encyclopaedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. [2014-05-01].
- ↑ Lathrop, Daniel; Ruma, Laurel (编). Open Government: Transparency, Collaboration and Participation in Practice. O'Reilly Media. 2010-02. ISBN 978-0-596-80435-0.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Birkinshaw, Patrick. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND OPENNESS: FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS?. Administrative Law Review: 177–218. [2014-05-01].[永久失效链接]
- ↑ Stallman, Richard. Free Software and Free Manuals. Free Software Foundation. 2008-11-13 [2009-03-22].
- ↑ Grossman, Lev. New Free License to Cover Content Online. Netly News. 1998-07-18 [2010-01-12].
- ↑ Wiley, David. Open Content. OpenContent.org. 1998 [2012-04-17].
- ↑ Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Helene. Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations. ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies. 2013, 6 (2). ISSN 1775-352X.
- ↑ Suber, Peter. "Open Access Overview". Earlham.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-03.
- ↑ Meredith Schwartz. Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live. Library Journal. 2012-04-13.
- ↑ Steven, Vettermann. Code of Openness. CPO. ProSTEP iViP. [2017-01-10].