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{{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ä |ipa symbol2=a̠ |ipa symbol3=ɑ̈ |ipa symbol4=ɐ̞ |ipa number=304 415 |decimal1=97 |decimal2=776 |x-sampa=a_"</code>、<code>a_-</code>、<code>A_"</code>或<code>6_o }} '''開央不圓唇元音'''或'''低央不圓唇元音'''是[[元音]]的一种,用于一些口语当中。[[国际音标]]没有特定的字母表示介于前音{{IPAblink|a}}和后音{{IPAblink|ɑ}}之间的元音,通常以{{angle bracket|{{IPA|a}}}}表示。若要加以严格区分,则使用附加符号标明,诸如央元音化的{{angle bracket|{{IPA|ä}}}}或音位偏后的{{angle bracket|{{IPA|a̠}}}},但并不通用。 直至最近,字母{{angle bracket|a}}仍在非官方场合下用于央元音,并被大量用于现有语音学上的标示。因此常使用{{IPAblink|a}}表示央元音,并近似开前元音,若有必要,则使用{{IPAblink|æ}},非正式情况下当作[[次开前不圆唇元音|次开元音]]。此外,[[汉学|汉语言学界]]会用非官方符号{{angle bracket|{{IPA|ᴀ}}}}(小型大写字母A)。国际语音学协会2011–2012年投票否决了这个非官方的音标符号。<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keating|2012|p=245}}</ref> <!-- The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".--> == 特徵 == {{open vowel}} {{central vowel}} {{unrounded vowel}} {{clear}} <!-- == 见于 == 许多语言有开不圆唇元音的形态。因为国际音标用{{angle bracket|a}}同时表示开前不圆唇元音和开央不圆唇元音,没有明确区分哪种语言指定使用前者或后者。 {| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" | 语言 !! 词汇 !! [[国际音标]] !! 意义 !!注释 |- | colspan="2" | [[缅语]]{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} || {{lang|my|မာ}} / [[Romanization of Burmese|''m'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[mä]}} ||难||{{IPA|/a/}}在开音节的口语同位异音;在其他环境实现为次开元音{{IPAblink|ɐ}}。{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} |- | [[汉语]] || [[现代标准汉语]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|他]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|t'''ā''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-tā.ogg|[tʰä˥]|help=no}} ||他||参见[[现代标准汉语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[捷克语]]{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}}{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=228}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|pr'''a'''ch]]}} || {{IPA|[präx]}} || 尘||参见[[捷克語音系]] |- | [[丹麦语音系]] ||标准音{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|b'''ar'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑ̈ːˀn]}} ||孩子||一般记作{{angbr IPA|ɑː}}。参见[[丹麦语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[荷兰语]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=104}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|z'''aa'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[zäːɫ]}} ||过道||从[[开前不圆唇元音|前]]到央;{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=104}}在不标准口音中可能是[[开后不圆唇元音]]。参见[[荷兰语音系]] |- | rowspan="6" | [[英语]] || [[澳大利亚英语]]{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}} || rowspan="4" | ''[[English orthography|br'''a''']]'' || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[bɹɐ̞ː]}} || rowspan="4" |胸罩||一般记作{{angbr IPA|ɐː}}。参见[[澳大利亚英语音系]] |- | [[东盎格利亚]]英语{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=172}} ||主要由中产阶级使用。可以前移为{{IPAblink|aː}}。{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=172}} |- | [[美国英语]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=476}} ||可以是后元音{{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ̟ː}}。{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=476}} |- | [[新西兰英语]]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|Major|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–23}} ||可以更前{{IPAblink|a|a̠ː}}和/或更高{{IPA|[{{IPA link|ɐ|ɐ̟ː}} ~ {{IPA link|ɐː}}]}}。{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|Major|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Hay|Maclagan|Gordon|2008|pp=21–23}}可以记作{{angbr IPA|ɐː}}。参见[[新西兰英语音系]] |- |一些[[加拿大英语]]使用者{{sfnp|Esling|Warkentyne|1993|p=?}}{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|pp=361–362}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|tr'''a'''p]]'' || {{IPA|[t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚]}} || rowspan="2" |陷阱||参见[[C加拿大元音迁移]]和[[英语音系]] |- |一些[[英格兰英语]]使用者{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|p=361}}{{sfnp|Kerswill|Torgerson|Fox|2006|p=30}} || {{IPA|[t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp]}} ||在[[多元文化伦敦英语]]和[[北英格兰英语]]使用。{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|p=361}}{{sfnp|Kerswill|Torgerson|Fox|2006|p=30}}其他方言里是更前的{{IPA|[{{IPAplink|æ}} ~ {{IPAplink|a}}]}}。 |- | [[法语]] ||巴黎话{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|p'''a'''tte]]}} || {{IPA|[pät̪]}} ||爪||老年使用者有两个对立开元音:前{{IPAslink|a}}和后{{IPAslink|ɑ}}。{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|pp=226–227}}参见[[法语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[德语]]{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|K'''a'''tze]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰät͡sə]}} ||猫||[[标准德语]]的区域变体中可以更前或更后。{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}参见[[标准德语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[匈牙利语]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian alphabet|l'''á'''b]]}} || {{IPA|[läːb]}}||腿||参见[[匈牙利语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[意大利语]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|c'''a'''s'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkäːsä]}}||家||参见[[意大利語音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[日语]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[kanji|蚊]]}} {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|k'''a''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ja-ka.ogg|[kä]|help=no}}||蚊||参见[[日语音系]] |- | [[林堡语]] || [[Hamont-Achel dialect]]{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} || {{lang|li|z'''aa'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈzǎ̠ːk]}} ||商业||和前元音{{IPAblink|æ̞ː}}、后元音{{IPAblink|ɑː}}对立。{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} |- | colspan="2" | [[立陶宛语]] || {{lang|lt|[[Lithuanian orthography|r'''a'''tas]]}} || {{IPA|[raːtɐs̪]}} ||轮子||参见[[立陶宛语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[波兰语]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|k'''a'''t]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-kat.ogg|[kät̪]|help=no}} ||刽子手||参见[[波兰语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[葡萄牙语]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|v'''á''']]}} || {{IPA|[vä]}}||去||参见[[葡萄牙語音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[罗马尼亚语]]{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|c'''a'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[käl]}} ||马||参见[[罗马尼亚语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|п'''а'''с]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|p'''a'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[pâ̠s̪]}} ||狗||参见[[塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[西班牙语]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|r'''a'''t'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈrät̪ä]}}|| 老鼠||参见[[西班牙語音系]] |- | [[瑞典语]] ||中央标准音{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=35}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|b'''a'''nk]]}} || {{IPA|[bäŋk]}} ||银行||也被记作前元音{{IPAblink|a}}。{{sfnp|Bolander|2001|p=55}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}}参见[[瑞典語音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[泰语]]{{sfnp|Tingsabadh|Abramson|1993|p=25}} || {{lang|th|บางกอก}} || {{Audio-IPA|Th-Bangkok.ogg|[bǟːŋ.kɔ̀ːk̚]}} ||曼谷||参见[[泰语音系]] |- | [[土耳其语]]{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} || Standard || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[ät̪]}} ||马||也被记作后元音{{IPAblink|ɑ}}。{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}参见[[土耳其語音系]] |- | colspan="2" |[[威尔士语]] |si'''a'''r'''a'''d |[ʃarad] |说 |参见[[威尔士语音系]] |- | colspan="2" | [[约鲁巴语]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1969|p=166}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || || |} --> == 注释 == {{reflist}} == 参考资料 == {{refbegin|2}} * {{citation |last=Carbonell |first=Joan F. |last2=Llisterri |first2=Joaquim |year=1992 |title=Catalan |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=53–56 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004618 }} * {{citation |last=Cox |first=Felicity |last2=Palethorpe |first2=Sallyanne |year=2007 |title=Australian English |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=341–350 |doi=10.1017/S0025100307003192 }} * {{citation |last=Cruz-Ferreira |first=Madalena |year=1995 |title=European Portuguese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223 }} * {{citation |last=Dankovičová |first=Jana |year=1999 |chapter=Czech |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=70–74 }} * {{citation |last=Engstrand |first=Olle |year=1999 |chapter=Swedish |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet. |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1 |pages=140–142 }} * {{citation |last=Fougeron |first=Cecile |last2=Smith |first2=Caroline L |year=1993 |title=French |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73–76 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004874 }} * {{citation |last=Gussenhoven |first=Carlos |year= 1992 |title=Dutch |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=45–47 |doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X }} * {{citation |last=Hillenbrand |first=James M. |year=2003 |title=American English: Southern Michigan |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=121–126 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001221 }} * {{citation |last=Ikekeonwu |first=Clara |year=1999 |chapter=Igbo |pages=108–110 |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |ISBN=0-521-63751-1 }} * {{citation |last=Jassem |first=Wiktor |year=2003 |title=Polish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=103–107 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191 }} * {{citation |last=Keating |first=Patricia A. |year=2012 |title=IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol |pages=245 |url=http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/news/news201112.html |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=42 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S0025100312000114 |quote=with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart. |access-date=2014-04-06 | | | }} * {{citation |last=Labov |first=William | |last2=Ash |first2=Sharon |last3=Boberg |first3=Charles |year=2006 |title=The Atlas of North American English |location=Berlin |publisher=Mouton-de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-016746-8 }} * {{citation |last=Landau |first=Ernestina |last2=Lončarića |first2=Mijo |last3=Horga |first3=Damir |last4=Škarić |first4=Ivo |year=1999 |chapter=Croatian |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |pages=66–69 }} * {{citation |last=Lass |first=Roger |chapter=South African English |editor-last=Mesthrie |editor-first=Rajend |year=2002 |title=Language in South Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521791052 }} * {{citation |last=Laufer |first=Asher |year=1999 |chapter=Hebrew |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |pages=96–99 }} * {{citation |last=Lodge |first=Ken |year=2009 |title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics |pages=167–169 |ISBN=978-0-8264-8873-2 }} * {{Citation |last=Mangold |first=Max |year=2005 |title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch |publisher=Duden |ISBN=9783411040667 |page=37 }} * {{citation |last=Martínez-Celdrán |first=Eugenio |last2=Fernández-Planas |first2=Ana Ma. |last3=Carrera-Sabaté |first3=Josefina |year=2003 |title=Castilian Spanish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=255–259 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373 }} * {{citation |last=Okada |first=Hideo |year=1991 |title=Japanese |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S002510030000445X }} * {{citation |last=Rogers |first=Derek |last2=d'Arcangeli |first2=Luciana |year=2004 |title=Italian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=117–121 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001628 }} * {{citation |last=Szende |first=Tamás |year=1994 |title=Hungarian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=91–94 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005090 }} * {{citation |title=Norsk fonetikk |last=Vanvik |first=Arne |year=1979 |publisher=Universitetet i Oslo |place=Oslo |isbn=82-990584-0-6 }} * {{citation |last=Verhoeven |first=Jo |year= 2005 |title=Belgian Standard Dutch |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=245 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173 }} * {{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=1982 |title=Accents of English |volume=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-24225-8 }} * {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Karl |last2=Orgun |first2=Orhan |year=1999 |chapter=Turkish |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |pages=154–158 }} {{refend}} == 延伸阅读 == {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Barry |first=William |last2=Trouvain |first2=Jürgen |year=2008 |title=Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel? |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=349–357 |ref=none }} {{refend}} {{-}} {{IPA navigation|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:開央不圓唇元音}} [[Category:元音]]
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